1. Do you live far from your office?
2. He hadn’t yet finished his work when I saw him.
3. I was woken up by my mother.
4. Besides literature we have to study history and mathematics.
5. I borrowed a book from the library.
6. For further information, see Page 123.
7. He offered to help us.
8. He suggested that we should take part in that festival.
9. The report will be ready by Monday.
10. She couldn’t answer either of the questions.

II. Give the correct form of the verbs in brackets

1. By that time he had finished his work.
2. If you brought a chair with you, you could have sat.
3. I only understood that lesson after I had read it several times.
4. You will not be able to catch the 7:30 train unless you take a taxi.
5. I will call you as soon as he comes back.
6. If I am ever in Moscow, I am going to visit Tretiakov Picture Gallery.
7. I haven’t seen him since we left school.
8. I said that I will try to enter the university the next year.
9. He was sure that she would not be late for the meeting the following day.
10. Have you painted the walls yet?

III Put the following into indirect speech.

1. “If it rains this afternoon, we’ll have to postpone the match”, the coach said to us.

The coach told us that if it rains this afternoon, we will have to postpone the match.

2. “Will you come and see me next week-end?”, she said to her cousin.

She asked her cousin if they would come see her next week-end.

3. “Where were you the day before yesterday, Henry?”, he said.

He asked Henry where he was the day before yesterday.

4. “Don’t belive everything you hear’”, he warned me.

He warned me not to believe everything I hear.

5. “Why do the prices go up continually in Armenia?”, she wondered.

She wondered why the prices continually go up in Armenia.

6. Nelly asks, “Which is the most beautiful region in Armenia?”

Nelly asked which region was the most beautiful region in Armenia.

7. She said to the teacher, “May I go out for a minute?”

She asked the teacher if she could go out for a minute.

8. Peter said, “My father is making a report at the meeting tomorrow.”

Peter said his father would be making a report at the meeting tomorrow.

9. My sister said to me, “I got a strange E-mail from my teacher two days ago.”

My sister told me she got a strange E-mail from her teacher two days ago.

10. The detective asked me, “What were you doing at the university at such a late hour.”

The detective asked me what I was doing at the university at such a late hour.

IV Translate into English

1. Մեր տան դիմաց դպրոցի մի նոր շենք է կառուցվում:

In front of our house a new school building is being built.

2. Երբ ես քայլում էի փողոցով, ինչ-որ մեկը հարցրեց ինձ, թե որն է մետրոյի ամենամոտ կայարանը:

When I was walking down the street, someone asked me which metro station is the closest.

3. Մենք չենք հանդիպել դպրոցն ավարտելուց ի վեր:

We haven’t met after school ended.

4. Հարկ է որ դուք ավելի շատ ուշադրություն դարձնեք քերականությանը:

It is important that you focus more on grammar.

5. Երբ դու համալսարանի ուսանող լինես, քեզ կթույլատրեն գրքեր վերցնել այս գրադարանից:

When you’re a student at this university, they will let you borrow books from this library.

6. Նա ասաց, որ կկարողանա թարգմանել այդ տեքստը հաջորդ օրը:

He said that he would be able to translate this text tomorrow.

7. Եթե դու ճշմարտությունը չասես, այլևս քո հետ չեմ խոսի երբեք:

If you don’t tell the truth, I won’t talk with you anymore.

8. Առնո Բաբաջանյան փողոցը կառուցված կլինի մինչև ամառվա վերջը:

Arno Babajanyan street will have finished construction by the end of summer.

9. Ուսանողների քննում են 7-րդ սենյակում:

The students are taking the test in the 7th room.

10. Ցավում եմ, բայց դուք ստիպված կլինեք ևս մեկ անգամ հանձնել այս քննությունը

I regret to inform you that you will have to take this test one more time.

V. Can we ever truly know history

Humans have been documenting history for thousands of years, with recorded history going back around 5000 years. A lot of human history has been found, but not without many difficulties along the way. Much of what we know of history is inferred from limited evidence and information, and as such what we know of history can be somewhat shaky.

In addition, despite how much has been found, significantly more has been lost, even if you do not go into much detail. There are many different reasons for this. One of those reasons is that the records, objects, and locations that historians use to trace history are prone to destruction. Natural disasters and wars have often lead to large scale destruction which has limited the information historians have about the past. Furthermore, these objects will also naturally decay and weather due to wind, rain, animals, etc. which can lead to their distortion and make them harder to analyse. This is why many historians started to specifically preserve historical documents in dry, sealed areas to prevent the further decay and loss of records.

Humans have been recording history for a very long time, over 5000 years. Understanding our past is not only very interesting, but also helpful for understanding the nuances of culture and human behaviour. I personally believe that the study and preservation of human history is very important, as learning about the culture, lifestyle, etc. of the past is very interesting. There are many other practical benefits of studying history, but to me the number one reason history should be studied is that it is interesting to learn about the civilisations of the past.

However, I believe that unfortunately, people will also never truly be able to explore history in its entirety, as there are just too many factors limiting knowledge. Generally, far back in the past many things were not documented with anywhere near the detail they would be now, so there are many gaps in information such as exact army head counts and populations. There is also the issue of decay. Many historical artifacts will weather and erode by natural means, slowly reducing the information they can provide. This is why many historical artifacts are preserved in dry, sealed spaces. Many things have also been deliberately destroyed during wars and sieges, further adding to this uncertainty.

While it is true that most of history has likely been lost forever, I believe the study of human history should never stop. It helps us understand our cultures, the people of the past, and it is generally a connection to the past which is irreplaceable.

Translate into English

1. -Ինչու՞ ես գրքերդ թողնում գրասեղանի վրա:

• -Որպեսզի միշտ չփնտրեմ դրանք:

Why do you leave your books on the desk?

-To not have to search for them all the time.

2. Նա օգտագործում էր Grammarly ծրագիրը, որպեսզի լեզվական սխալներ չանի:

He used Grammarly so that he wouldn’t make linguistic mistakes.

3. Ես ուզում եմ համալսարան գնալ, որպեսզի տեսնեմ պարոն Հաթկինսին:

I want to go to university to see Mr. Hatkins.

4. Մատուցողը պետք է քաղաքավարի լինի հաճախորդների նկատմամբ, որպեսզի չկորցնի իր աշխատանքը:

The waiter needs to be civil with customers to not lose his job.

5. Ես բառարան նայեցի (look up in the dictionary), որպեսզի գտնեմ այդ բառի ճիշտ թարգմանությունը:

I checked the dictionary to find that word’s correct translation.

6. Նա փող է խնայում, որպեսզի նոր ավտոմեքենա գնի:

He was saving money to buy a new car.

7. Ինչու՞ աջ շրջվեցիր: – Որպեսզի խուսափեմ տնօրենին հանդիպելուց:

Why did you turn right? – To avoid seeing the principal.

8. Ես կորցրել էի իմ բանկային քարտը և ստիպված էի բանկ գնալ, որպեսզի պատվիրեմ նորը:

I lost my credit card and I had to go to the bank to get a new one.

Translate into English

1.Ես վախենում եմ թափառող շներից և այդ պատճառով գիշերները տնից դուրս չեմ գնում:

I’m afraid of roaming dogs, which is why I don’t leave the house at night.

2.Ես վախենում եմ ուտել այս սունկը: Այն թարմ չի թվում:

I am afraid of eating that mushroom. It doesn’t seem fresh.

3. Ես երբեք չեմ լողացել այս գետում: Ասում են, որ այս գետում Պիրաններ կան: Ես վախենում եմ դրանց հանդիպել:

I have never swum in this lake. They say that there are piranhas in there. I’m afraid to meet them.

4. Թռիր ջուրը: Ի՞նչ ես ասում, ես վախենում եմ խեղդվելուց(get drowned): Անծանոթ գետ է:

Jump into the water. What are you saying, I’m afraid of drowning. That lake is unfamiliar.

Translate into English

1.Սա բավականաչափ հետաքրքիր գիրք է:

This is an interesting enough book.

2. Այս գիրքը բավականաչափ հետաքրքիր է:

This book is interesting enough.

Translate into English

1.Ոմն (ինչ-որ մի) Ռեբեկա ինձ հաղորդագրություն է ուղարկել:

A Rebecca sent me a news article.

2.Ոչ, սա այն Երևանը չէ, որտեղ ես անցկացրել եմ իմ մանկությունը: Այն շատ է փոխվել:

This is not the Yerevan where I spent my childhood. It has changed a lot.

3. Հակոբյանները որոշել են իրենց արձակուրդը անցկացնել Իսպանիայում:

The Hakopyans have decided to spend their vacation in Spain.

Translate into English

1. Աղքատները չեն հասկանում հարուստներին, իսկ հարուստներն էլ չեն հասկանում աղքատներին:

The poor don’t understand the rich, and the rich don’t understand the poor.

2. Շտապ օգնության ավտոմեքենաները վիրավորներին տարան հիվանդանոց:

The emergency cars took the injured to the hospital.

3. Գործազուրկներն իրենք են մեղավոր (to be to blame for something) իրենց կարգավիճակի (status) համար:

The unemployed are to blame for their status.

4. Երիտասարդները չեն հասկանում ծերերին, իսկ ծերերն էլ չեն հասկանում երիտասարդներին:

The young don’t understand the elderly, and the elderly don’t understand the young.

5. Հաշմանդամների քանակը ավելացավ 44-օրյա պատերազմից հետո:

The injured increased in numbers after the 44 day war.

6. Անտուն մարդկանց քանակն ավելացավ 44-օրյա պատերազմից հետո:

The homeless increased in numbers after the 44 day war.

7. Տարեցների կենսաթոշակները բավականաչափ չեն արժանապատիվ կյանքով ապրելու համար: (to live a dignified life)

The pensions of the elderly are not enough to live a dignified life.

Standardised testing is something that has become crucial to most educational systems over time. The main point of testing overall is typically to help students and teachers gauge academic progress, while standardised testing typically exists so students can have some evidence of their achievements to show to colleges and employers. Every system uses different rules, regulations, and guidelines to decide how the tests should be created, administered, and examined, and each system enforces them to different levels.

This is one way in which standardised testing can fall short. Standardised testing can be extremely stressful. One of the most extreme examples of a stressful exam is the national college admission exam in China, the Gaokao. The Gaokao is extremely strictly enforced and the syllabus is extensive and difficult. This single exam is also considered one of the most important qualifications students can have for college. This causes pressure so immense that some students are driven to suicide, which is unfortunately not uncommon. This highlights the issue of balancing both freedom and strictness. For standardised testing to be successful in its goal, it needs to be of a reasonable difficulty which the target group of students can reasonably handle with enough effort, while still being difficult enough to actually challenge students.

However, regardless of balance another issue with standardised testing is that this can lead to a significant financial and regional bias in college admissions and some unfairness between countries. Every college has their own criteria which they accept, but colleges in the same country typically have somewhat similar requirements. Colleges from less developed countries typically accept qualifications from education systems in richer countries, while the opposite is rarely true. For instance, the UK has A levels and Switzerland has the IB program, both of which are recognised almost globally. On the other hand, most poorer countries have a national exam that is mainly accepted by colleges in the country itself. This can lead to a gap in the opportunities people are offered based on their financial status and birthplace. For people living in less developed countres, international A levels and IB programs are simply not accessible either because of the price or because there simply are no schools offering education with these systems, so they have to work significantly harder with extracurriculars and projects to even match what students in first world countries get with education alone.

Overall, the issues most commonly brought up by people is that standardised testing sucks the passion out of subjects. Standardised testing is one of the only ways that admissions officers and employers can gauge an applicant’s proficiency in a field, as it somewhat engages students to apply their knowledge practically without the need for individual effort from interested parties. The issue with this is the standardisation itself. Students cannot do wellby simply being proficient in the subject, they have to study test taking methods. This can make it much more difficult for those who learn in different ways and at different paces to prove themselves. There are many people who excel in certain subjects or crafts but have to go above and beyond to prove that solely due to the fact that they do not have the skill of taking tests. This makes it much harder for them to pursue a career in fields they are interested in, which greatly reduces the opportunities they have.

However, many organisations in charge of such exams take measures to account for some of these issues. For instance, Pearson, an organisation which administers A level exams, will deal with the issue of balancing difficulty by grading tests on a curve to ensure that the grade distribution is relatively consistent for all exams, and every session they may make some revisions to the system for creating exams, creating mark schemes and examining tests in order to maintain this balance. To further help students prepare for the test taking aspect of tests, they have every past paper and mark scheme except for those from the last year available online, and while they may occasionally change question styles, they almost never change the general structure of exams. Another measure that has been taken is that many colleges and universities offer scholarship programs to those on lower incomes, which will help those in poorer countries afford higher educations. However, some issues, such as the reduction of passion, are somewhat unsolvable, and are just part of the nature of standardised tests.

Bearing all this in mind, standardised testing is an inherently flawed system which can make opportunities somewhat inaccessible to many groups, but it is a necessary evil, as it is also one of the only realistic ways that colleges, universities and workplaces can get an overview of a candidate’s capabilities without immense amounts of time and effort.